Purpose: In the current urban and increasingly digital/information era, the service of property management towards residents is of key importance to the well-being of society, which is especially well reflected in its role during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. However, professional knowledge...

At present, likelihood ratios for two-level models are determined with the use of a normal kernel estimation procedure when the between-group distribution is thought to be non-normal. An extension is described herefor a two-level model in which the between-group distribution is very positively...

Combating identity fraud is crucial and urgent as false identity has become the common denominator of all serious crime, including mafia trafficking and terrorism. Typical approaches to detecting the use of false identity rely on the similarity measure of textual and other content-based...

Consideration of a wide range of plausible crime scenarios during any crime investigation is important to seek convincing evidence and hence to minimize the likelihood of miscarriages of justice. It is equally important for crime investigators to be able to employ effective and efficient...

While reference dependence has been widely observed in a deterministic choice setting, little is known about the nature of reference dependence in stochastic choice. We study stochastic choice in the setting of the elicitation of certainty equivalents where subjects often exhibit...