As shown by Tversky and Kahneman (1991), framing an outcome as a loss causes individuals to expend extra effort to avoid that outcome. Since classroom performance is a function of student effort in search of a higher grade, we seek to use loss aversion to encourage student effort. This field...

Using a dataset of listed non-state-owned enterprises in China, we show that politically connected firms have a greater difficulty in obtaining trade credit than non-connected firms. This credit discrimination against politically connected firms strengthens when firms locate in regions with...

At present, there have been limited research on the improved production performance of alfalfa under the natural drought conditions caused by salicylic acid in the field. In this paper, the effect of different salicylic acid concentrations on the production performance of alfalfa from different...

Do risk disclosures by mutual funds reflect funds’ actual investment risks? Using textual analysis, we examine risk disclosures in funds’ summary prospectuses to determine whether funds do accurately disclose their risks. We first document the types of risks disclosed by funds and study the...