We show that emergency liquidity provision by the Federal Reserve transmitted to non-U.S. banking markets. Based on manually collected holding company structures of international banks, we can identify banks in Germany with access to U.S. facilities via internal capital markets. Using...

Background: This study aims to investigate the extent to which the conditional volatilities of both Shari’ah compliant stock and conventional stock are related to those of interest rate and exchange rate in the emerging economy of Pakistan. Methods: We used KMI 30 and KSE 100 indices for...