While online platforms are an enforcement priority for European competition authorities, the latter are only now turning their attention to app stores (after having scrutinized, among others, hotel booking websites, search engines and online marketplaces). However, app stores can be...

This paper is about the regulation of bad behavior by participants on digital platforms. It shows that these platforms have private incentives to limit this bad behavior and, in fact, have rules, monitoring, and enforcement systems to do so. However, these private incentives may not provide...

The global race for data-based technological superiority is on. In a world where “data is the new oil,” data-based comparative advantages may affect not only competition between firms but also the balance of power among jurisdictions. In the past two decades China has made important strides...

A small number of large companies hold most of the world’s data. Once in the hands of these companies, data subjects have little control over the use and sharing of their data. Additionally, this data is not generally available to small and medium enterprises or organizations who seek to use...

The digital transformation "revolutionizes" entire economies and societies. It can be interpreted as a Schumpeterian technological and economic revolution that fits well into his "Theory of Economic Development" written more than 100 years ago. This paper analyzes three current policy debates...

The year 2022 has been dubbed “the year AI got smart”. The year 2023 meanwhile is witnessing an explosion of concern about the governance of AI as large language models bring the science fiction future into everyday reality. Developments include a call from Geoffrey Hinton, one of the...

The European Commission has proposed a new regulatory tool for the governance of digital markets. The Digital Markets Act (DMA) intents to limit the market behavior of socalled gatekeeper companies to ensure contestable and fair digital markets. We review the provisions of the DMA both from a...

The proliferation of sensors, electronic payments, click-stream data, location-tracking, biometric feeds, and smart home devices, creates an incredibly profitable market for both personal and non-personal data. It is also leading to an amplification of harm to those from or about whom the data...

In the late 2000s, a set of connected technological developments – introduction of the iPhone, deep learning through stacked neural nets, and application of GPUs to neural nets – resulted in the generation of truly astronomical amounts of data and provided the tools to exploit it. As the...

The Data Act proposes new data access and sharing rights for users of IoT devices to unlock data that are under the exclusive control of manufacturers for more innovation and competition, especially on secondary markets. The analysis in this paper, however, shows that due to too many...