measurement in influencing economic decisions. They attempt to measure uncertainty by indexes of volatility of the stock market … although risk can be measured, uncertainty cannot be measured. Even though risk can be measured, a simple symmetric measure … attempt at "measuring" risk or (fundamental) uncertainty is flawed. …

evaluation of the methodological and empirical advances in the measurement of the extreme market risk. This paper argues that a … sustain the rise of financial markets. Thereafter, this review identified the value at risk (VaR) and VaR-based alternative … expected shortfall (ES) as the principal measures of extreme market risk. The deficiencies in the standard modelling approaches …

can be used in risk measurement and forecasting. Value at risk (VaR) is a widely used measure of financial risk, which … assumptions alone in measuring risk. Cushioning against risk has always created a plethora of complexities and challenges; hence …, this paper attempts to analyse statistical properties of various risk measures in a not normal distribution and provide a …

presence of tail parameters being close to normal, the return risk may still be tremendous, and can only be reduced by … risk managers, fund managers and holders of large commercial real estate portfolios alike …