We ask three questions. First, do election systems differ in how they translate physical attractiveness of candidates … German election system that combines first-past-the-post election with party-list proportional representation, our results …

economic decision-making – is important in politics. We show that politicians ‘gamble for re-election’ in the context of a … on MPs’ individual decisions in a de facto vote for the 2021 leadership election of Germany’s centre-right parties. MPs … are more likely to vote for a riskier candidate when faced with tougher re-election races in their constituency …

Politicians have limited ability to influence policy. This provides an incentive for politicians to feign, whereby they …

-tier political agency model with voters, politicians and bureaucrats. In the model's hierarchy, politicians are constrained by … election while bureaucrats are controlled by the budget. Bureaucrats' discretion provides them with political power to force … politicians to make compromise. If voters and bureaucrats prefer different types of politicians, i.e., they have a conflict of …

-list proportional election system. One more councilor employed by the public sector increases spending by about one percent. The effect … consistent with public employees having an information advantage over other politicians, and thus, being able to influence policy …

the legislature: the identity of the party that previously held a majority, and the probability density of the election …

voter based upon the primary election type, and (ii) are more likely to establish policy positions that deviate from the …

investigated by scholars, empirical findings are mixed at best. This is partly because of the non-random nature of election timing …

In this paper, we address empirically the trade-offs involved in choosing between bureaucrats and politicians. In order … counterparts (”politicians”). We evaluate how performance would change if the courts replaced majority rule with unanimity rule …