), academic commercialization (patenting, licensing, and start-ups) and traditional academic scholarship. It exploits large …-scale, random sample cross-section surveys of nearly 1,500 scientists at the original 52 Land Grant Universities in 2005 and 2015 … faculty) and important than is academic commercialization (at 19% of faculty). Academic engagement generates 15-20 times the …

least one invention, only 4,5% of the sample are engaged in commercialization activities. Therefore the vast majority of … tätigen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler zu untersuchen. Ergebnisse zeigen, dass an deutschen Hochschulen vor allem … vollzeitbeschäftigte Wissenschaftler, die multidisziplinäre oder angewandte Forschung betreiben und daneben noch einer Selbstständigkeit …

We present an approach that aims to comprehensively account for scientists' academic engagement and commercialization … allows us to more accurately account for ‘independent' activity, i.e. academic engagement and commercialization outside the …,000 scientists at Imperial College London. Results indicate that conventional approaches systematically underestimate the extent of …