We review a decade of literature on clientelism, a central topic in the study of developing democracies. We define … clientelism as the discretionary distribution of public resources by politicians. We distinguish clientelism that occurs in the … pre-electoral period (electoral clientelism) from that which occurs between elections (welfare clientelism). We provide …

Why are the poor susceptible to clientelism, and what factors shield them from the influence of vote buying? We explore …

suggest that while civil service reforms might weaken the bureaucratic clientelism, the pre-existing patronclient relations …

This article investigates the patronage phenomenon in the italian, so called, Second Republic. In particular, the …, where the interests of political parties and districts may diverge, the formers would need patronage resource to assure … parliamentarians' loyalty does play a role in patronage appointments as well as the electoral result in the next electoral competition. …

hires are relatively more qualified. Our results suggest a potential upside to patronage as campaign connections create new …

Clientelism is frequently observed in our societies. Various mechanisms that help sustain incomplete political … magnify candidates' offers and deepen clientelistic relationships. These results underscore the possibility that clientelism …