psychological concept of mental models to address voter' naive reasoning about the economy and thereby explain the persistent bias …

institutions. In this paper, I will sketch a theory of real-existing socialist economies from a property rights/public choice …

idiosyncratic bias. The results show that the higher the idiosyncratic bias of the media outlet, the lower the lobbies' incentives …

access only to friendly media outlets and denying access to critical ones. While an incumbent prefers positive bias, granting … gatekeeping can induce a quid pro quo relationship: media provides coverage with positive bias in exchange of future access …

We review the theoretical literature on market determinants of media bias. We present a theoretical framework that …

In this chapter we survey the empirical literature on media bias, with a focus on partisan and ideological biases …. First, we discuss the methods used to measure the relative positions of media outlets. We divide bias into two categories …, explicit and implicit bias. We group existing measures of implicit bias into three categories: measures based on comparing …