prisons. NPS are powerful addictive chemical compounds that mimic the pharmacological effects of conventional drugs of abuse … novel establishment-by-month database of all England and Wales prisons from 2007 to 2018 including information on drugs … seizures, random mandatory drug test results, various measures of harm, violence, and causes of death. I first document a large …

Around the world, policymakers and news reports have warned that domestic violence (DV) could increase as a result of …

Around the world, policymakers and news reports have warned that domestic violence (DV) could increase as a result of …

This paper provides a county-level investigation of the root causes of gun violence in the U.S. To guide our empirical …

This paper provides a county-level investigation of the root causes of gun violence in the U.S. To guide our empirical …

reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …

reduces both moderate and extreme violence. The reason is that a high penalty keeps relatively 'gutless' individuals from … relatively 'tough' individuals to commit moderately violent acts and so makes moderate violence more attractive for otherwise …