for these policies was to ensure the health of mothers and their newborn children. With increased female labor market … negligible benefits from a leave extending beyond six months in terms of health out-comes and children's long-run outcomes …

The disruption of family life is one of the important legacies of South Africa’s colonial and apartheid history … the creation of homelands. Despite the removal of legal restrictions on permanent urban settlement and family co … link urban and rural nodes, children have remained less urbanized than adults, and many grow up without coresident parents …

help from government transfers and lower cost associated with having fewer other children, or due to a stronger savings …