In this paper, two analytic solutions for the valuation of European-style Parisian and Parasian options under the Black–Scholes framework are, respectively, presented. A key feature of our solution procedure is the reduction of a three-dimensional problem to a two-dimensional problem through a...

In this paper, a comprehensive review of the valuation of American options is presented. Various approaches to pricing American option contracts are discussed, with the pros and cons of each being briefly outlined. The paper aims to provide a literature review for those who are interested in...

The pricing of American options has been widely acknowledged as “a much more intriguing” problem in financial engineering. In this paper, a “convergency-proved” IFE (inverse finite element) approach is introduced to the field of financial engineering to price American options for the...