This paper seeks to identify obstacles to competitive markets in formally liberalized service and network industries of fifteen European Union Member States. It is argued that loopholes in EU competition and state aid rules allow national governments to further subsidize previously monopolistic...

The airline industry usually calls for further liberalisation of traffic rights, operational rights and airline ownership and control. This paper concentrates on the 7th and 9th freedoms of the air. Due to the lack of legal safeguards, liberalisation in this respect may lead to ‘offshore'...

European air transport policy, emerged through the confluence of case law and legislation, in four broad areas: liberalization, safety and security, greening, and the external policy. Following the implementation of the single market for air transport, policy shifted to liberalizing and...

This paper develops an empirical model of entry to analyze the effect of previous regulation on European airlines? post-liberalization profits. The author distinguishes between European flag carriers, which are hightly regulated at the beginning of the eighties, and independent airlines. It is...