Subduction of oceanic lithosphere is the primary driver for plate tectonics on Earth. However, lack of geological records hinders our understanding on how subduction zone initiates. Two general mechanisms are recognized: i) induced and ii) spontaneous nucleation of subduction zones. For both...

As one of the forms of patent licensing, open licensing is an important mechanism to promote the transformation of patented technological achievements and knowledge diffusion. However, since China has introduced this system in 2021, the detail mechanism is still disputed. This paper compares the...