higher robot intensity, driven by their endogenously higher wages and stock of complementary traditional capital. In addition …

countries, low-educated unemployment declines with robot exposure but from a higher starting point. Our results point to unions …

We study the effects of robot exposure on worker flows in 16 European countries. Overall, we find small negative …-country differences: the effects of robot exposure are generally larger in absolute terms in countries with low or average levels of …-routine cognitive tasks. For young and old workers in countries with lower labour costs, robot exposure had a beneficial effect on …