In the last years of the twentieth century central banks started strengthening their communication strategy, making it easier to analyze the evolution of central banks' functions and role over time and space. In this chapter we employ a topic modeling approach to investigate the differences in...

The opacity of the banking business has been identified as a main source of stock crash risk. Level 3 financial instruments are particularly opaque products, as their fair value is neither directly available nor measurable using market prices. Focusing on Europe, we find robust evidence that L3...