Recent research suggests multiple causes for the spatial variation of human capital observed both among and within cities. This paper studies the location choice of medical doctors in the same industry, specialty, and state, measuring a doctor's human capital through their medical school's rank....

Tests based on years of education find that the return to human capital in cities varies inversely and average education varies directly with housing cost. Finally, there is evidence that labor productivity within cities varies directly with employment density and real estate cost. The income...