This paper provides an ex-post analysis of football matches’ contribution to the spread of COVID-19 during Germany’s second infection wave in summer and autumn 2020. We find slightly positive effects from occurring professional football matches on newly registered cases of the virus in the...

This paper examines the relation between crowd support and home advantage in professional football in making use of a unique "natural experiment" induced by restrictions due to the Corona pandemic: so-called ghost games in the top three German football divisions during the 2019/2020 season. We...

This study uses data from elite-level European football matches and panel data methods to suggest how people responded to the initial COVID-19 outbreak. In Italy, England and Germany, stadium attendances were negatively affected by the previous day's newly confirmed domestic cases or deaths. In...

In this study we analyze the efficacy of cryptocurrencies as diversifiers in mitigating the dampening effects of COVID-19 on football clubs’ equities performance. Using data for 20 actively traded football clubs’ equities and top 10 cryptocurrencies, we compare the two asset groups both...