Since 1980, a series of legislative acts and judicial decisions have affected the ownership, scope, and duration of patents. These include: the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980; the extension of the maximum patent term in 1994; and the shift from a first to invent standard to a first to file system in 2011. These...

Using panel firm-level data, this paper analyses the main factors affecting firms' access to bank credit in eleven Euro Area countries over the period 2014-2016. We focus on firm's loan demand behaviour and on bank's actual credit granting decision, using alternative measures of credit...