by running Prisoner's Dilemma and Third Party Punishment games on three different pools of subjects; students, 'Ordinary … game with Third Party punishment, punishing less as well as tending to punish cooperation (almost as much) as defection …

of fines on punishment and deterrence. Partial effects are effects on potential violators' and punishers' decisions when … hypotheses derived from the theory. …

environment. Using geocoded crime data and a novel source of within-city spatial and temporal variation in punishment severity, I … consistent with police treating enforcement effort and punishment severity as complementary. I also find that citywide crime and … punishment and suggests that certain types enforcement can be reduced without incurring large public safety costs …