Headline inflation in the euro area jumped to more than three percent in the summer after years of relatively low … inflation rates well below the target of close to but below two percent set by the ECB until July 2021. One of the main reasons … for the rise in inflation is the increase in energy prices since the beginning of 2021. However, there are further …

In Canada, targeting the inflation rate was intended as a temporary measure during a transition to price … following account, changing beliefs about the stability or otherwise of ongoing inflation, the capacity of a flexible exchange … modelling inflation targeting arrived on the scene only as the Canadian regime was becoming well established. …