Traditional weighted-average measures of trade distortions are widely used in analyzing global and regional reforms …, despite well-known deficiencies. This paper develops and applies optimal aggregators for the real-world case of multiple … countries and commodities with much more detailed information on trade than on production and consumption. The approach reflects …

International trade and migration are two important dimensions of globalization. Although governments have been very … willing to open their borders to trade, they have not been so liberal in their immigration policies. It has been suggested …, however, that a causal positive link might exist between immigration and trade. Could governments further increase …

Investment (FDI). The conventional proximity-concentration theory suggests that FDI substitutes for trade if distance between … dimensions of distance affect exports and FDI differently. There is clear evidence of a proximity-concentration trade-off in … positive relation between import tariffs and FDI intensity provides further evidence for a trade-off resulting from trade costs …