The paper examines the bank lending activities of banks in a low interest rate environment. External financing of small …- and medium-sized enterprises in the euro area primarily takes place via bank loans and not through capital markets. Based … on the Bankscope database, bank balance sheet data is utilized. Control variables are included, such as for the system of …

interest margin (NIM) and its components, retail lending and retail deposit rates. Using two proprietary bank-level data sets …

In June 2014 the ECB became the first major central bank to lower one of its key policy rates to negative territory … by using individual bank data for the euro area to identify possible adjustments by banks triggered by the introduction … of negative interest rates through three channels: government bond holdings, bank lending, and wholesale funding. We find …

different levels of bank risk (measured by the distance to default), considering the possible specificities across business … raises the suspicion of regulatory arbitrage to a different extent across bank business models. Third, we explore whether …, and to what extent, the degree of regulatory arbitrage varies across bank business models. Our findings show that one of …