Modelling strategies for value-added multilevel models are examined. These types of models typically include an endogenous variable and this causes difficulties for the standard estimation techniques that are commonly used to analyse multilevel models. Two alternative estimation strategies are...

This paper first of all discusses some substantive and methodological issues concerned with disentangling the nature of effects in educational progress. We deal with criterion outcomes which are a limited set of ordered category grades for which multilevel generalised linear models are proposed.

The extent of non-retention on post compulsory full-time education courses mainly undertaken by students in the 16-19 age group has become recognised as relatively large. Not the least of the concerns surrounding this, is the extent of resources devoted to initial enrolments on courses who...

Methods for scoring ordered classifications in ordered statistical analysis are reviewed. These contrast with model based approaches through generalised linear models. The practical empirical advantages of scoring functions are developed.