Conventional R&D-based growth theory argues that productivity growth is driven by population growth but the data … suggest that the erstwhile positive correlation between population and productivity turned negative during the 20th century … explains why in modern economies high growth of productivity and income is associated with low or negative population growth …

to higher school productivity. We discuss the evidence in this area, concluding that the impact of competition has proven …

(or negative) effects of schooling on productivity that have been recently reported (i) in the micro literature on …