This paper describes the ownership structure in listed companies around the world. By using data for 10 000 largest listed companies, that together make up 90% of the global market capitalisation, we provide a description and comparison of the ownership structure of listed companies in 54...

Some languages encode future timing more ambiguously than others. We identify two economic channels through which more ambiguous reference to future timing leads to higher levels of R&D investment. Our empirical tests on country- and firm-level R&D investment confirm this prediction, even after...

Customer concentration affects CEO compensation through two possible channels: first, a more concentrated customer base raises firm risk, for which CEO requires higher compensation; second, CEO is likely to hold customer ties, and a more concentrated customer base enables CEO to have more...

This paper presents a neural network based on adaptive resonance theory, named distributed ART (adaptive resonance theory) & HS-ARTMAP (Hyper-spherical ARTMAP network), applied to the electric load forecasting problem. The distributed ART combines the stable fast learning capabilities of...

The development of functionalized polymer-based filament enables the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printed materials or structures with a wide range of unique functions. This work explores the use of MAPbX 3 (MA = CH 3 NH 3 , X = Cl, Br, I or mixture of them) perovskite quantum dots (PQDs)...

In this paper, I examine public and private firms' leverage choices using the Capital IQ database. I find that private firms' leverage is about 3.8 higher than that of public firms. I also find that asset tangibility has a much larger impact on the leverage decisions of private firms than it...

Networks contain complex patterns of dependency and require multiple levels of analysis to explain their formation, structure, and outcomes. In this Element, the authors develop the Multilevel Network Framework. The framework serves as (i) a conceptual tool to think more deeply about network...