.g. Sachs and Warner (1995)) and opponents (Rodriguez and Rodrik (1999)) of the view that openness to trade is linked to higher …. It concludes that the virtues of openness established in these nuanced in-depth studies remain unrefuted. …

should invest in basic research. Basic-research expenditures are increasing with a country’s degree of openness as long as …

technologically advanced sectors in the economy. Then, we explore how different degrees of openness affect long-term incentives to … invest in basic research. Our main insight is that higher openness tends to encourage more investment in basic research which …

de jure trade openness is positively and significantly associated with takeoffs. A one standard deviation increase in de … jure trade openness is associated with a 55% increase in the probability of a takeoff in our default specification. We also … find evidence that capital account openness encourages takeoff responses, although this channel is less robust. Measures of …