While female labor force participation (LFP) in Iran is among the lowest in the world, there is hardly any study on the COVID-19 pandemic effects on the country's female LFP. We find that female LFP decreased during the pandemic years by around 1 percentage point in 2021 and 2022. When...

Este artículo explora la heterogeneidad del impacto y la respuesta a la crisis del COVID-19 de las empresas españolas dentro de una misma región y sector. Los datos utilizados se basan en una encuesta realizada por el Banco de España a 4.004 empresas en noviembre de 2020, que cruzamos con...

Summary of Banco de España Working Paper no. 2120

This article assesses how effective Spain’s furlough schemes were from the start of the COVID-19 crisis in allowing the workers affected to return to work. On average between 2020 and 2021, the absolute probability of workers resuming their activity was high, although the shorter the furlough...

Rationale The last year has seen growing demand for healthcare services, but the causes of this increase, and how persistent it will be, are as yet uncertain. Should these dynamics prove to be long-lasting and associated with a prolonged deterioration in the general health of the Spanish...