Recent variable annuities offer participation in the equity market and attractive protection against downside movements. Accurately quantifying this additional equity market risk and robustly hedging options embedded in the guarantees of variable annuities are new challenges for insurance...

We study the herd behavior and the phase transition for the yen–dollar exchange rate in the Japanese financial market. It is obtained that the probability distribution of returns satisfies the power-law behavior P(R)≃R-β with scaling exponents β=3.11, 2.81, and 2.29 at time intervals...

When a treatment in difference in differences (DD) is applied to a group of individuals with a time-constant qualifiÂ…cation/eligibility such as gender or race, there is no issue of choosing to be (un-)treated. But if the qualiÂ…fication is time-varying, then the individuals may alter...