Real problems are formulated into tractable mathematical models, which allow for an analysis of various approaches.Attention is focused on solutions.Provides a unified treatment of the models discussed , presents a critique of the existing results, and points out potential research directions.

In this study, joint inventory replenishment planning of an Alibaba distribution system is investigated, which contributes to the circular economy concept. The distribution system includes suppliers, central distribution centers, and front distribution centers. The total replenishment cost of...