The Bank of England has developed a risk-based methodology to support its oversight of payment systems. The methodology provides more precise estimates of risks in payment systems than previously available. Because it is consistent and systematic in its application, the methodology assists the...

This paper argues that climate change poses two distinct, if related, sets of challenges for poor rural households: challenges related to the increasing frequency and severity of weather shocks and challenges related to long-term shifts in temperature, rainfall patterns, water availability, and...

Over coming decades, changes in population age structure will have profound implications for the macroeconomy, influencing economic growth, generational equity, human capital, saving and investment, and the sustainability of public and private transfer systems. How the future unfolds will depend...