This paper documents the emergence of a race gap in incarceration after the abolition of slavery in the U.S. Counties … slave reliance by 10% increases black incarceration rates by 1.8-per-1,000. This effect is associated with an increased use … of prison labor. Consistent with this, I show that arrests increase before cotton harvesting and incarceration declines …

North, Midwest, and West–was a landmark event in US history. Our paper shows that this migration increased mortality of …

Chinese investors are now the largest number of foreign investors in US residential and commercial real estate. Many … discrimination in the US. This paper traces three eras of Chinese property ownership and discrimination. Many Chinese first came to … the US for the 1849 Gold Rush and for building the first transcontinental railroad. However, during the Exclusion Era …

To engage with the large literature on the economic effects of slavery, we use antebellum census data to test for … free labor to working in a slave society. This evidence of systemically lower economic performance in slavery-legal areas …

We re-characterize American slavery as inefficient, whereby emancipation generated substantial aggregate economic gains … the equivalent of a 4% to 35% increase in US aggregate productivity (7 to 60 years of technological innovation …

late twentieth century, the evidence and narrative we develop focus on the period before 1954, the year of the U.S. Supreme …