Climate-related financial risks (CRFR) pose unique challenges for capital requirements regulation. CRFR are forward looking, non-linear, systemic and endogenous – attributes that render quantitative estimates of physical and transition risk subject to radical uncertainty. CRFR are also...

By pumping trillions of euros into the eurozone’s financial system, the ECB's quantitative easing programme intends to indirectly alter the private sector’s borrowing and spending behaviour. After more than a year since its initial inception, a review of the programme's impact reveals that...