This paper begins with a discussion of models in which two complementary sets of ideas are contrasted. The first set of ideas come from a political scientist, and the second set from an operational researcher. This discussion of models leads naturally to a consideration of simulations from the...

The trade patterns for the seven nations USA, USSR, UK, China, Western Germany, Poland and France are examined using a directional trade ratio, and 10 polarization properties of this system of nations are suggested. The degree of polarization of each of the twenty-one two-nation subsystems...

A model of world affairs is defined which identifies two interacting systems. The first system is called a nation state system, in which nations are the only actors. The second system is called an international system, in which there are many actors, from individuals to nations to international...

Peace may be conceived of not only as the absence of physical or structural violence, but also positively as harmony between culture and structure. In that case, the values of a society must be known in order for us to assess the degree of peace. Since 'small peace' presupposes a shared symbolic...