Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) scores measure companies’ activities concerning sustainability and are organized on three pillars: Environmental (E-), Social (S-), and Governance (G-). Different approaches have been proposed to compute ESG scores for companies, which rely on the...

Highlights:• State-of-art review of vine copulas and stationary vine copulas.• Two types of vine copula models to capture cross-sectional and temporal dependence in ESG data.• Extreme ESG classes (i.e., classes A and D) show the highest and nonGaussian dependence to the market.• Future...

Evaluating companies' sustainability embraces environmental, social, and governance (ESG) activities. Data providers assign companies ESG scores as a quantitative measure based on available information. Refinitiv (previously ASSET4) is a key data provider whose scores are used extensively by...

Climate change and sustainability have become societal focal points in the last decade. Consequently, companies have been increasingly characterized by non-financial information, such as environmental, social, and governance (ESG) scores, based on which companies can be grouped into ESG classes....

While environmental, social, and governance (ESG) trading activity has been a distinctive feature of financial markets, the debate if ESG scores can also convey information regarding a company's riskiness remains open. Regulatory authorities, such as the European Banking Authority (EBA), have...

In recent years, companies have increasingly been characterized by environmental, social, and governance (ESG) scores, and investors and academics have raised questions concerning financial performance and investment risks. Now, as the European Banking Authority has acknowledged that ESG risks...