A small open economy produces a consumer good, green and black energy, and imports fossil fuel at an uncertain price … risk, to risk shifting and the uniform price for both types of energy. Under the plausible assumptions that consumers are … prudent and at least as risk averse as the producers of black energy, the risk can be efficiently managed by taxing emissions …

A small open economy produces a consumer good, green and black energy, and imports fossil fuel at an uncertain price … risk, to risk shifting and the uniform price for both types of energy. Under the plausible assumptions that consumers are … prudent and at least as risk averse as the producers of black energy, the risk can be efficiently managed by taxing emissions …

global subsidies are due to domestic factors-energy pricing reform thus remains largely in countries' own national interest …

Energy efficiency is often defined as delivered energy service per unit of energy supplied into a system. Supply …-side energy efficiency refers to decreasing energy losses in the supply chain, for improved performance in the production and … delivery of electricity and heat. Demandside energy efficiency (DSEE) is achieved through consuming less energy for the same …