As the value of digital assets continues to soar inexorably, their use as collateral becomes increasingly interesting, including in the context of decentralised finance (DeFi). However, the lack of legal certainty restrains the further use and creates considerable risks. This paper takes stock...

This article discusses the appropriateness of controlling standard terms in business-to-business (B2B) contracts. Using the example of Germany, where the Civil Code explicitly allows the control of B2B standard terms, it finds evidence that courts tend to use this control to favour small and...

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The financial crisis of 2007--09 resulted in, inter alia, challenges for governments to modify financial regulation and supervision so as to ensure stability of financial markets without unduly hindering dynamic market developments. Moreover, the inherent transnational character of any financial...

One of the key issues in the on-going overhaul of the global financial system is the structural reform of banking systems. Legislatures in different states, e.g. the United States, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, have all taken measures to protect individual depositors' assets against...

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