The southern European periphery suffered a severe setback in its catching-up process versus Western Europe after the … financial crisis with GDP dropping by 10% between 2008 and 2012 and unemployment increasing to 20% for Greece, Portugal and … Spain. We analyze first the reason for this setback, and then the policy reaction of the national governments and the …

better-established electricity markets of Europe, in the Nordic countries, England and Wales, and Spain. The different market …Competition in the electricity industry requires properly functioning wholesale markets. This paper discusses the … market power, and give price stability to promote investment. Competition in electricity retailing may discourage retailers …