In July 2008, the Italian Court of Cassation held that Italian courts lacked jurisdiction over the 2005 killing in Baghdad by a US serviceman of an Italian intelligence officer in civilian clothes and the wounding of another officer and a reporter. The Court asserted that the action was...

The author discusses a decision handed down in 2007 by an Italian military court concerning the firing by Italian troops on an Iraqi ambulance in 2004, at Nassiriyah, resulting in the killing of four civilians. The court held that the action was covered by the defence of putative special...

In January 2006, the European Court of Human Rights held that the punishment of two individuals in 2003 in Estonia for the deportation of civilians to the Soviet Union in 1949 classified as a crime against humanity, was not contrary to the principle of non-retroactivity of criminal law....