social policies were the main social elevators for the formerly underprivileged classes in socialist Cuba, the economic … migration patterns have produced highly unequal levels of access to family remittances, and the gradual opening of the private … business sector in Cuba has largely disfavoured Afro-Cubans, due to their lack of access to pre-revolutionary property and …

it is decentralized and adaptable. This chapter examines remittances between the US and Cuba since 1993 and finds that … faces epistemic and political limitations. Remittances are a major source of aid that can overcome these challenges because …