Competition between opposing lobbies is an important factor in the endogenous determination of trade policy. This paper investigates empirically the consequences of lobbying competition between upstream and downstream producers for trade policy. The theoretical structure underlying the empirical...

A 2021-22 survey of trade promotion organizations conducted by the World Bank to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic affected their functioning suggests four main findings. First, trade promotion organizations in high-income countries are larger than those in low-income countries, suggesting a...

"Silva investigates the role played by domestic importers and foreign exporters in improving preferential access to the domestic market. To this end, the framework he uses extends the protection for sale analysis to explicitly model the role of domestic importers and foreign exporters in...