Piracy has been a major problem for perpetually licensed software. Usage-based licensing architecture such as pay …-per-use or software-as-a-service can offer technology-based protection against piracy. We provide an analytical framework to …, and heterogeneous consumers in terms of marginal usage benefit and acquisition costs for pirated software. We show that …

To distribute software, commercial vendors of proprietary software have the opportunity to use some dual licensing (DL …) strategy i.e. to provide their software under two different licensing terms (proprietary and open source). We investigate the … relevance and impacts of this distribution strategy in the presence of an incumbent open source software competitor. We …

This paper develops a three-stage model of innovation, fixed-fee licensing and production to evaluate the welfare … effects of compulsory licensing, taking into account both static (information sharing) and dynamic (innovation incentive …

importance for innovation, technology transfer and economic growth. As such, this important normative material also provides a … jurisdictions, comprising: (i) the treatment of licensing practices, including refusals to license; (ii) anti-competitive patent … settlements; (iii) issues concerning standard-essential patents (SEPs); (iv) the conduct of patent assertion entities (PAEs); and …

tacit knowledge and incomplete patents. -- Patent Pools ; Research and Development ; Innovation ; Tacit Knowledge …The conventional wisdom is that the formation of patent pools is welfare enhancing when patents are complementary … role of the effect of pooling on downstream innovation. The focus of this paper is on downstream product development and …

Previous literature finds that larger downstream markets fuel the innovation of new technologies by incentivizing firms …

Compulsory licensing allows governments to license patented inventions without the consent of patent owners. Intended … new drugs, however, are theoretically ambiguous: Compulsory licensing may encourage innovation by increasing competition … or discourage innovation by reducing expected returns to R&D. Empirical evidence is rare, primarily because contemporary …

bargaining outcome contrasts with the inefficiency of patent royalties in the Cournot model. The analysis explores the … implications of the main results for antitrust policy concerns including Standard Essential Patent holdup, royalty stacking, patent … thickets, the tragedy of the anticommons, and justification for patent pools. The discussion also considers how imperfect …

innovation. Competition is characterized by the size of the shared component of the product which determines the degree of …

When innovation is cumulative, early patentees can hold up later innovators. Under complete information, licensing … with sub-optimal patent policy …