We revisit the literature on using accounting earnings to estimate firm-level systematic risk, using macroeconomic indicators rather than listed-firm indexes to measure aggregate risk. Conventional listed-firm indexes reflect an unrepresentative subset of aggregate assets and thus are expected...

We draw from the SEC's concept of investors leveraging an information mosaic to predict that investors use soft information collected during face-to-face investor meetings to understand better the information released at subsequent earnings announcements. Our analysis examines firms that issue...

The increasingly service-based U.S. economy places a high reliance on innovation. While there is considerable research on the importance of certain innovative activities such as patents, less attention has been paid to unpatented innovation, about which there is naturally less publicly available...