Adding a new dimension to determinants of corruption, this paper examines the effectiveness of enforcement in reducing … corruption. We compare the influences of latent enforcement (police, judicial, and prosecutorial employment) versus actual … enforcement to combat corruption by increasing enforcement employment is ineffective, rather comprehensive improvements in …

negative impact on official GDP growth, however, a positive impact of corruption on the size of the shadow economy can be found …, i.e. the bigger the corruption, the larger is the shadow economy. …

illegal forms of corruption continue to be prevalent in the interaction between transnationals of the rich world and the …Traditionally, national governance and corruption challenges have been seen as: i) particularly daunting in the poorer … countries, with the richer world viewed as exemplary; ii) anchored within a legalistic framework and focused on formal …

This paper analyzes the influence of the shadow economy on corruption and vice versa. We hypothesize that corruption … that the shadow economy reduces corruption in high income countries, but increases corruption in low income countries. We … also find that stricter regulations increase both corruption and the shadow economy. …

This paper analyzes the influence of the shadow economy on corruption and vice versa. We hypothesize that corruption … that the shadow economy reduces corruption in high income countries, but increases corruption in low income countries. We … also find that stricter regulations increase both corruption and the shadow economy. …