This paper assesses whether the formation of grassroots unions under the Professional Union Leader and Organizer Program' (PULOP) in China provide one viable pathway through which renewal might occur. Data obtained from in-depth interviews with union leaders, rank-and-file members, and data from...

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore mechanisms of cultural distance in the base of Chinese Service Multi-National Enterprise (MNE) settings. When attempting to enter overseas markets, many service MNEs face challenges caused by the cultural distance between the home and host...

Purpose: In the face of external paradoxical requirements, the cognitive framework of managers and employees use to perceive, interpret and reconstruct information is important to ease anxiety and improve job performance. The Yin-Yang balancing of eastern philosophical thought is particularly...