We examine the determinants of the decision to relocate activities abroad for firms located in OECD countries. We argue that particular firm-specific features play a crucial role for the link between employment protection and relocation. Stricter employment protection laws in the current...

We examine the determinants of the decision to relocate activities abroad for firms located in OECD countries. We argue that particular firm-specific features play a crucial role for the link between employment protection and relocation. Stricter employment protection laws in the current...

The relevance of services FDI strongly increased over the last two decades. As services and goods differ with respect to important characteristics, one may expect that the determinants of internationalisation are not identical in services and manufacturing. Surprisingly, there is practically no...

The relevance of services FDI strongly increased over the last two decades. As goods and services differ with respect to important characteristics, one may expect that the determinants of internationalisation are not identical in manufacturing and the service sector. However, there is...

This paper reviews the recent literature on the relocation of headquarters (HQs). Overall results show that full and direct international relocations of corporate HQs are rare events. However, there is a trend that MNEs increasingly unbundle their HQs so as to spread their different HQs...

This paper constructs five indicators that a multinational firm must take into account when deciding the location of its offshore units. These indicators are: human capital; skilled labour cost; quality of infrastructure; business environment; and market size. The indicators are based on over 100...

This study exploits the installation-level inclusion criteria of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) to investigate the policy's causal effect on outbound foreign direct investment (FDI) decisions of German multinational firms. Difference-in-differences with bias-corrected...

This paper reviews and criticizes in depth the empirical literature on foreign entry mode choice providing a motivation to perform a robustness analysis. Through a review of the theoretical approaches behind each study, as well as by comparing the way theoretical constructs are operationalized,...