to patent. Our study records how brewery innovators pursued a wide variety of highly distinct appropriability strategies … strategies could co-exist, although some brewery insiders maintaineda suspicion of the promoters of patent technologies which … could support trade in inventions even without the use of the patent system. …

This paper estimates the effect of a patent grant on the likelihood that an invention will progress to different … commercialization stages using survey data on 3,162 inventions which have been the subject of a patent application. We found that about … 40 percent of all inventions advanced to the point of market launch and mass production. Although a patent grant had no …

received over their careers, and employed to highlight the implications of patent institutions for markets in inventions and … for democratization. The United States deliberately created a patent system that differed from existing European systems … in ways that significantly affected the course of technological change. Patent rights in the U.S. helped to define and …

Inventors generally know more about their inventions than what is written down in patent applications. Because they … (1995) and model firm-inventor cooperation in the commercialization of a given invention. Tacit knowledge warrants inventor … is important for the successful commercialization of patents by using a detailed patent database. The database contains …

firm as a passive observer of invention declines. This study argues that acquiring firms can take measures by hiring new … key inventors. We show that the hiring of new key inventors in the post-M&A period can counteract invention declines in …

This paper studies the effects of the USPTO's patent secrecy program in World War II, under which over 11,000 U ….S. patent applications were issued secrecy orders which halted examination and prohibited inventors from disclosing their … compulsory invention secrecy reduced follow-on invention and restricted commercialization, but as part of the security policies …

-in-difference approach on an original dataset of patent-paper-pairs we are able to estimate the causal effect of the granting of a patent on … applicability of an innovation is further affects the relation. To address these issues we build a novel dataset matching patent … citing agent belongs to a public institution. In addition, the the more invention is applied, the weaker is the negative …

We study the causal impact of invalidating marginally valid patents during post-grant opposition at the European Patent … participation of a patent's original examiner in the opposition division as an instrument. We find a disciplinary effect of … invalidation: Affected inventors file 20% fewer patent applications in the decade after the decision. This effect is entirely …

Ascertaining whether patents encourage invention necessitates understanding the incentives inventors respond to. The … British patent system prior to its reform in 1852 was cumbersome and expensive. Whether it facilitated or delayed the … Industrial Revolution is hotly debated. This paper's contribution is to examine the incentives to patent, and the characteristics …