patents. These include: the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980; the extension of the maximum patent term in 1994; and the shift from a … indirectly, and have coincided with historic increases in patent activity among academic institutions.This article presents an … empirical study of how those three changes to the patent system precipitated responses by academic institutions, using spline …

This paper analyses the development of universities' patent applications in Germany before and after the abolition of … the 'professors' privilege' in 2002. By means of a database with all patent applications of German universities with … legislation is found only for universities without patent activities in the past. This indicates the importance of collecting …

Few papers address the issue of faculty motivations to patent, and none comprehensively investigates why faculty decide … not to patent. To fill this gap, I surveyed Italian faculty inventors of university-owned patents (N = 208), and … noninventors working in the same disciplines (N = 416). Major motivations to patent are prestige/reputation and knowledge exchange …

microdata. We find that invention and manufacturing developed similarly in cities closer to and farther from universities in the …