This paper explores the hypothesis that changes in trading patterns and partners of US industries have contributed to skill deepening through defensive, skill-biased innovation. It draws on Thoenig and Verdier's (2003) assertion that, since skill-intensive technologies are less likely to be...

This paper tests the hypothesis that an increase in US trade with countries with weak effectiveness in the protection of intellectual property (IP) has expanded the threat of competitive imitation of US firms, and has contributed to the skill deepening of the 1980s. We draw on Thoenig and...

In this paper, we establish the importance of experience in international trade in reducing unmeasured trade costs and facilitating bilateral trade. We find a strong role for experience, measured in years of positive trade, for both aggregate and sectoral bilateral trade. In an augmented gravity...