punishment, a reexamination of which, in both theory and practice, is the object of the paper …

punishment, a reexamination of which, in both theory and practice, is the object of the paper …

Econometric measures of the effect of capital punishment have increasingly provided evidence that it deters homicides … increasing the penalty from life imprisonment without parole to capital punishment. The marginal deterrence effect is shown to be … deterrence the threat of capital punishment will add. I then examine the empirical basis for believing there to be a subset of …

of fines on punishment and deterrence. Partial effects are effects on potential violators' and punishers' decisions when …

evidence on punishment preferences, in which subjects reveal a heterogeneous preference for punishing wrongdoers, our model … identifies circumstances in which “punitive” individuals (with stronger-than-average punishment preferences) will self …-select into law enforcement jobs that offer the opportunity to punish (or facilitate the punishment of) wrongdoers. Such “punitive …

environment. Using geocoded crime data and a novel source of within-city spatial and temporal variation in punishment severity, I … consistent with police treating enforcement effort and punishment severity as complementary. I also find that citywide crime and … punishment and suggests that certain types enforcement can be reduced without incurring large public safety costs …